The Banking Sector in Indias Economic system - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2512 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The banking sector are said to be the cornerstone of the economic system of any economy. The banking sector is said to be the change leaders when it comes to the financial system of any country. The banks are not only a facilitator but also the change leader. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Banking Sector in Indias Economic system" essay for you Create order The banks are said to be the financial engineers as they device the best policies in order to facilitate the investment-savings mechanism. When talked about the banking sector of our country, we can say that it has evolved over decades. From being a closed and bureaucratic structure to now a redefined change led mechanism, the banking sector has changed a lot. The banking sector has been reformed from time to time in order to acquaint itself better to the changing needs and requirements of the economy. The banking sector in India is said to be among one of the most stable one. This point has been proved by the policies which were adopted during the economic recession which shook the world. The banking sector has been adopting the policies so as to safeguard not only the interest of the people who put in their deposits but for the economy as a whole. The banking sector has been in a stage of learning and development and continues to be in that stage so as to walk with time. T he scenario of the Indian banking sector has changed a lot from what it was 50 years ago. The country is now having not only more banks but also the banks are providing the services which were said to be out of purview of their scope of actions. From being policy oriented to being customer oriented, the Indian banking sector has revamped the whole economic structure. From the performance point of view we can clearly see that there has been an up trend. The banks from being a marginally profitable units, it has evolved to being a not only profitable corporation but also matching the international standards of banking. The performance of banking sector has improved 360 degree. The banks have not only improved in the balance sheet but has also improved in operations. There are many things that can be taken as the reason for such an improvement in the banking sector. It could be because of the healthy competition that has developed among the banks, or it could be because of better policies which have been adopted by the banks in order to manage their assets and deposits. It could because of the reforms that has been brought which facilitated the operations of the banks. Our research would be aimed at analyzing the performance of the banking sector over a period of 2001-2009 and try to find out as to how it has improved or detoriated over the years. The analysis would be done in the light of some reforms that have been brought in over the years. The research would take into consideration few of the reforms over the year and it would be seen as to whether they had an impact over the performance of the banks or not. In our research we shall take into consideration 12 banks, in which 6 banks will be Public Nationalised banks and the other 6 would be Private Sector banks. The reason for such a sample is that even though both types of banks belong to the same population of banks but their basic fundamentals are different from each other. We shall analyse the performance of the banking sector on 3 parameters in the light of the reforms taken over the years. The reforms that are been taken into consideration will be introduced in the following paragraphs with an effort to explain their implications in brief. The reforms are as follows:- REFORMS: The reforms would be studied under various heads. The introduction to reforms are as follows:- General Reforms:- The general banking reforms are as follows: 1. Government equity in banks has been reduced and strong banks have been allowed to access the capital market raising additional capital. 2. Bank now enjoying the operational freedom in terms of opening of new branches and bank having good track record of profitability given flexibility in recruitment. 3. New private sector banks have been set up and foreign banks are allowed to expand their function in India including through subsidiaries. 4. Banks are also allowed to set up off shore banking units in SEZ. 5. N ew instrument have been introduced for better flexibility and better risk management like interest rate exchange, cross currency forward contract. 6. New areas open like- : Æ’Ëœ Insurance Æ’Ëœ Credit card Æ’Ëœ Infrastructure financing Æ’Ëœ Gold banking Æ’Ëœ Investment banking 7. Several new institution have been set up- : Æ’Ëœ National securities depositor limited Æ’Ëœ Central depositors service limited Æ’Ëœ Credit information bureau India limited 8. Limits for overseas investment have been liberalized. 9. The overseas investment for corporate have been raised to hundred percent 10. Universal banking has been introduced. 11. Adoption of global standard 12. Prudential norms for capital adequacy, Assets classification , income reorganization, best accounting system, settlement system are ado pted 13. Freedom in operation 14. Disinvestment of public ownership in public sector bank 15. Transparent norms for private and foreign bank 16. Permission for FDI and portfolio investment in banking Reforms of 1992: The reforms that were brought in the year 1992 can be seen in brief as follows:- (a) Measures for liberalization, like dismantling the complex system of interest rate controls, eliminating prior approval of the Reserve Bank of India for large loans, and reducing the statutory requirements to invest in government securities. (b) Measures designed to increase financial soundness, like introducing capital adequacy requirements and other prudential norms for banks and strengthening banking supervision; (c) Measures for increasing competition like more liberal licensing of private banks and freer expansion by foreign banks. The better explaination of all the reforms done in the era of 1990s would be seen properly with the help of the recommendat ions of the Narshimahan committee. Reforms of 2005-2006: The reforms in the year 2005-206 can be enlisted as follows:- Æ’Ëœ Autonomy to RBI to implement reforms in banking sector. Æ’Ëœ Amendment of the Banking Regulation Act. Æ’Ëœ Allow banking companies to issue preference shares to boost their Tier-I capital. Æ’Ëœ Introduce provisions to enable the consolidated supervision of banks and their subsidiaries by RBI. Æ’Ëœ Increase bank lending to agricultural sector by 30% and PSU banks to increase number of agricultural borrowers by 5 m. Æ’Ëœ Remove the lower and upper bounds to the statutory liquidity ratio and removal of the limits on the cash reserve ratio to provide flexibility to RBI to prescribe prudential norms Æ’Ëœ 0.1% banking transaction tax to be imposed on cash withdrawals above Rs 10,000 on a single day. Æ⠀™Ã‹Å“ Enable RBI to lend or borrow securities by way of repo, reverse repo or otherwise. Æ’Ëœ Removal of benefits available to depositors (Section 80-L) Æ’Ëœ The statutory pre-emptions in the form of SLR and CRR have been brought down in a phased manner to 25% and 4.5% respectively. Æ’Ëœ In order to strengthen the financial position of banks, minimum Capital to Risk Weighted Assets Ratio (CRAR) was prescribed at 8%, which was further increased to 9% from the year ending March 31, 2000. Reforms of 2006-2007: The reforms of the period of 2006-2007 are as follows:- Æ’Ëœ Banks to increase disbursements to farmers to Rs 1,750 bn by FY07 (with addition of 5 m farmers) and open a separate window for self-help groups (SHGs). Additional 0.4 m SHGs to be credit-linked by FY07 in association with NABARD. Æ’Ëœ Farmers to be extended short-term credit at interest rate of 7% p.a. with an upper limit of Rs 0.3 m on the principal amount. Æ’Ëœ Net capital support to banking sector (by way of issuance of special nontradable government securities), standing at Rs 228 bn at the end of 9mFY06, to be restructured by their conversion to tradable SLRs. Æ’Ëœ Fixed deposits with tenures of not less than 5 years to be included under Section 80 C for tax exemptions. Æ’Ëœ Loans to food processing sector to be included in the priority-sector lending basket. Æ’Ëœ ATM operations and collection services provided by banks in public issues to be brought under the service tax net. Æ’Ëœ Banking Cash Transaction Tax (BCTT) to continue for some more time until the AIR system is able to capture all significant financial transactions. Reforms of 2007-2008: The reforms of 2007-2008 are as follows:- Æ’Ëœ Farm credit target for FY08 set at Rs 2,250 bn with an addition of 5 m new farmers to the banking system and provision of Rs 17 bn for 2% interest subvention for short-term crop loans. Æ’Ëœ To augment resources for refinancing rural credit cooperatives, NABARD to issue Government guaranteed rural bonds to the extent of Rs 50 bn Æ’Ëœ SARFAESI Act to be extended to loans advanced by Regional Rural Banks (RRBs). RRBs to be permitted to accept NRE/FCNR deposits and those that have a negative net worth to be recapitalized. Æ’Ëœ Cooperative banks to be allowed deduction in respect of provision for bad and doubtful debts under section 36(1)(viia). Also, amalgamation and de-merger of banking companies is tax neutral. This benefit to be extended to cooperative banks Æ’Ëœ Cash withdrawals by Central and State Governments to be excluded from the scope of Banking Cash Transactions Tax (BCTT). Exemption limit for individuals and HUFs to be rai sed from Rs 25,000 to Rs 50,000 Æ’Ëœ The government has proposed to acquire RBIs equity holding in State Bank of India (59% currently). It has provided a sum of Rs.400 bn for this purpose, but the transaction will be deficit neutral to the government. Also, the fund of Rs 7.5 bn created for awarding 0.1 m (of Rs 6,000 each per year) will be placed with the SBI, and the yield from the fund will be used for awarding the scholarships. Æ’Ëœ Increase in dividend distribution tax from 12.5% to 15%. Æ’Ëœ 1% higher education cess to charged. Æ’Ëœ No interest on CRR: The staggered three-staged rise in the CRR from 6% to 7.5% bore a telling impact on the banking sectors liquidity scenario. Besides together locking in liquidity to the tune of approximately Rs 25 bn from being deployed in productive revenue generating resources (advances and investments), the removal of interest payable by the RBI on CRR mai ntained by banks above 3.5% of net demand and time liabilities, made it completely non-remunerative for the latter. Recommendations of Narshimham Committee I: The recommendations of the Narshimham Committee I are as follows:- (1) Establishment of a four-tier hierarchy for the banking structure consisting of three to four large banks with SBI at the top. (2) The private sector banks should be treated equally with the public sector banks and govt. should contemplate to nationalize any such banks. (3) The ban on setting new banks in private sector should be lifted and the licensing policy in the branch expansion must be abolished. (4) The govt. has to be more liberal in the expansion of foreign bank branches and also foreign operations of Indian banks should be rationalized. (5) The Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) and Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) should be progressively brought down from 1991-92. (6) The directed credit program should be re-examined and the priority sector should be redefined to comprise small and marginal farmers, the tiny industrial sector, small business operators and weaker sections. (7) Banking industry should follow BIS/Basel norms for capital adequacy within three years. (8) Interest rates should be deregulated to suit the market conditions. (9) The govt. should tighten the prudential norms for the commercial banks. (10) The competition in lending between DFIs and banks should be increased and a shift from consortium lending to syndicated lending should be made. (11) In respect of doubtful debts, provisions should be created to the extent of 100 percent of the security shortfall. (12) The govt. share of public sector banks should be disinvested to a certain percentage like in case of any other PSU. (13) Each public sector banks should set up at least one rural banking subsidiary and they should be treated at par with RRBs. Recommendations of the Narshimham Committee II: The recommendations of Narshimham Committee II are as follows:- (1) The committee favored the merger of strong public sector banks and closure of some weaker banks if their rehabilitation was not possible. (2) It recommended corrective measures like recapitalization is undertaken for weak banks and if required such banks should be closed down. (3) The committee had also suggested an amicable golden handshake scheme for surplus banking sector staff. (4) Suggesting a possible short term solution to weak banks, the report observed that the narrow banks could be allowed as a mean of facilitating their rehabilitation. (5) Expressing concern over rising non-performing assets, the committee provided the idea of setting up an asset reconstruction fund to tackle the problem of huge non performing assets (NPAs) of banks under public sector. (6) The report emphasized the need of enhancement of capital adequacy norms from the present level of 8 percent but did not specify the amount to which it shou ld be raised. (7) The Banking Sector Reform Committee further suggested that existence of a healthy competition between public sector banks and private sector banks was essential. (8) The report envisaged flow of capital to meet higher and unspecified levels of capital adequacy and reduction of targeted credit. SARFAESI ACT, 2002: The Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 (SARFAESI) empowers Banks / Financial Institutions to recover their non-performing assets without the intervention of the Court. The Act provides three alternative methods for recovery of non-performing assets, namely: Securitisation Asset Reconstruction Enforcement of Security without the intervention of the Court The provisions of this Act are applicable only for NPA loans with outstanding above Rs. 1.00 lac. NPA loan accounts where the amount is less than 20% of the principal and interest are not eligible to be dealt with under this Act. Non-performing assets should be backed by securities charged to the Bank by way of hypothecation or mortgage or assignment. Security Interest by way of Lien, pledge, hire purchase and lease not liable for attachment under sec.60 of CPC, are not covered under this Act The Act empowers the Bank: To issue demand notice to the defaulting borrower and guarantor, calling upon them to discharge their dues in full within 60 days from the date of the notice. To give notice to any person who has acquired any of the secured assets from the borrower to surrender the same to the Bank. To ask any debtor of the borrower to pay any sum due or becoming due to the borrower. Any Security Interest created over Agricultural Land cannot be proceeded with. If on receipt of demand notice, the borrower makes any representation or raises any objection, Authorised Officer shall consider such representation or objection carefully and if he comes to the conclusion that such representation or objection is not acceptable or tenable, he shall communicate the reasons for non acceptance WITHIN ONE WEEK of receipt of such representation or objection. A borrower / guarantor aggrieved by the action of the Bank can file an appeal with DRT and then with DRAT, but not with any civil court. The borrower / guarantor has to deposit 50% of the dues before an appeal with DRAT. If the borrower fails to comply with the notice, the Bank may take recourse to one or more of the following measures: Take possession of the security Sale or lease or assign the right over the security Manage the same or appoint any person to manage the same

Essay on Critical Thinking/Reflection - 1393 Words

Assessing both critical thinking and the reflection process in learning, these aspects are both intertwined. Without one, you cannot have the other. With the use of critical thinking and reflection this thought process allows us to analyse, assess, evaluate, learn and develop arguments. However this can have a twofold affect in the learning process. The learning process means taking many aspects and perspectives into account to establish an argument. Critical thinking draws on questions such as: how, what, when, why and who to determine the quality of an argument and also the credibility. Although without critical thinking a conclusion cannot be drawn. Barriers to critical thinking must also be questioned, whether these are: doubt,†¦show more content†¦(Cottrell, Stella, 2005) states â€Å"poor criticism can result from making judgment based on too general an overview of the subject matter.† When developing an argument one must be careful not to make false or unfair a ssumptions and always look for alternative points of view. Doing this allows you to analyse and evaluate and make a more informed decision about an argument. Arguments are about reviewing, speculating and assessing. As a result of doing this, a line of reasoning can be established and conclusions made. Barriers such as critiquing an argument can have a positive effect in critical thinking and the learning process as it allows a person to question everything. One must also be careful when developing an argument and using the critical thinking skills not to make generalisations and jumping to a conclusion. Critical thinking is the skill of thinking about your own thinking and perspectives. Critical questioning is an important part of the critical thinking process. Questioning how, what, when, why and who are all essential parts to evaluate and analyse a quality of an argument. By doing this it allows deeper thought and allows you to find an argument. This is described through (Dwyer, Judith, 2009) stating that critical thinking is: â€Å"purposeful, self-regulatory judgement that occurs when an issue is raised, a problem needs to be solved, opinions are reconsidered or experiences carefully reflected upon.† WithShow MoreRelatedCritical Thinking Reflection Essay579 Words   |  3 PagesCritical thinking is a significant and essential topic in recent education. The strategy of critical thinking skills helps identify areas in ones courses as the suitable place to highlight, expand and use some problems in exams that test students critical thinking skills. 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The second step is research which is researching what theRead MoreCritical Thinking Reflection686 Words   |  3 PagesReflection Upon Critical Thinking Critical thinking has several formal definitions, yet it is a skill that must be practiced and should function on the practical, everyday level. Critical thinking is a skill set that involves approaching a subject or a question with vigor, curiosity, awareness, and an open mind. Critical thinking in a way, is a kind of thinking that demands that we think about thinking. That is to say, critical thinking includes that the thinker generates and sustains awarenessRead MoreCritical Thinking Reflection1121 Words   |  5 PagesW233 helped shape my writing and critical thinking by reframing my concept of what constitutes a good piece of writing. Prior to this course, I thought that a good paper consisted of an argument supported with solid word choice and consistent organization throughout to guide the reader through each paragraph. My thoughts at this time were more focused the â€Å"what† of an argument, but I learned that in order to write a great paper—especially one tha t involves mediating an argument—it is equally important

Reflective Essay on Broken Telephone †Free Sample Solution

Question: Write about theReflective Essay on Broken Telephone. Answer: This particular discourse will discuss the impact of the potential communication process, which I have learned in my class. In order to understand the necessity of the communication in the workplace, our lecturer suggested to play a game, named broken telephone, which is also known as Chinese Whispers. There were 40 students in my class and all of the students need to be divided into 3 groups, therefore, there were 13 members in every group for performing the class activity. Following the rule of the game, there was a message for every three groups, which required to be transmitted from one member to the other. The message for the game was Justin Timberlake is coming to POMO to perform for Christmas. This particular message was whispered from the first student to the last student in sequence within the every group. At the end of this game, there were completely different messages from the first whispered message by the lecturer. I was surprised to find the changes of the meaning of t he message because of noisy class environment. During the class activity, we all were excited to participate, as it was an interesting game. However, the lecturer of our class, who whispered the message to the first receiver of the group, initiated the game. There were chattering and constant discussion within the group regarding the game, which I consider as noise and it could be concerned as a noise barrier for the class activity. My group members surprised to find out that the message comes from the last student were different from the first student. I have analysed the reason for such incidents and have found that his happen only because of different ethnicity, language, and pronunciation within the group. Even I was surprised to find there was some severe lack of listening and receiving the messages in a clear manner and to pass the same message they have heard. Communication can be treated as an essential medium to maintain confidentiality within the workplace. I have understood from my class communication can play an essen tial role in the workplace. The lecturer provides enough reason for the miscommunication and the major reason was noise barriers. We learned from the class activity on broken telephone that communication is significant for the workplace because of its capability of resolving critical issues encountered by the regular customers of a company. The game was easy and interesting; however, it clearly reveals the drawback of communication, which relies only on one sender. Ultimately, the bad communication process will influence the business functions of the workplace; therefore, there will be a hamper on obtaining the decided goals for achieving the best position in the particular industry. Because of the communication problem, the associates cannot interact with the customers and it clearly influences the customer's satisfaction level in an immense manner. However, as the broken telephone game helped me to understand the significance of communication in the workplace, therefore, I think I can perform in best way within my future organisation. I believe I can perform in a better manner after this class activity on bro ken telephone as it helps me to understand the necessity of communication and the influence of noise barriers.

Nafta Essays (1131 words) - Mexico, Free Trade Agreements Of Canada

Nafta In January 1994, the United States, Mexico, and Canada implemented the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), forming the largest free trade zone in the world. The goal of NAFTA is to create better trading conditions through tariff reduction, removal of investment barriers, and improvement of intellectual property protection. NAFTA continues to gradually reduce tariffs on set dates and aims to eliminate all tariffs by the year 2004. Before NAFTA was established, investing in Mexico was a difficult process. Investors needed the Mexican Government's approval and were also required to meet specific investment guidelines. These requirements necessitated investors to export a set level of goods and services, utilize domestic goods and services, and transfer technology to competitors. Under NAFTA, investors no longer need government approval to invest and are treated as domestic investors. NAFTA has also increased intellectual property rights and allowed companies to obtain patents i n Mexico and Canada. In the past, companies were hesitant to export research and development intensive goods; with increased intellectual property protection, however, exports of these goods have shown a definite increase. As a result of better trading conditions, exports and imports of most other goods have increased along with the research and development intensive goods. In Mexico, the elimination of investment barriers has allowed investment to expand. Increased trading and investment has then created many jobs, raised the Gross Domestic Product, and lowered consumer prices. The free trade that NAFTA has established among the United States, Mexico, and Canada has greatly benefited the U.S. economy. During the years from 1994 to 1997, U.S. trade with Mexico and Canada rose 44 percent. This extensive growth is accredited primarily to the reduction of tariffs. As tariffs were lowered, U.S. goods became cheaper and more competitive in Mexican and Canadian markets, and at this lower price level the quantity demanded of U.S. goods increased. Therefore it becomes less expensive for U.S. firms to supply goods to Canada and Mexico as the supply curve shifts upward. In order to meet the new demand, the firms must hire new workers and increase investment. Between 1994 and 1997, 90 to 160 thousand jobs were created in the U.S. due to the increase of trade with Mexico, and 2.4 million jobs were dependent upon trade with Mexico and Canada (Harbrecht 12). The increase in employment and investment then leads to increased national income. The work of NAFTA has also served to benefit Mexico's economy; in accordance with the United States' economy, Mexico's exports have increased, more than doubling since 1993. The elimination of investment barriers has caused a dramatic rise in foreign investment from four billion in 1993 to ten billion dollars in 1998. NAFTA has enabled Volkswagen, IBM, and the textile industry to seek labor and materials in Mexico. In 1994, a Canada-based entrepreneur invested four million dollars in a metal-stamping plant. The plant is now a major material suppler for Volkswagen although it was originally intended to employ only 130 people. The plant currently employs 1,300 workers and generates 57 million dollars in sales each year (Ebrahim 24). NAFTA has also allowed IBM to create plants in Guadalajara that would otherwise have been built in Asia. As a result, the exports of IBM de Mexico have increased from 350 mil lion to 2 billion dollars in five years and the increased exports have created over 270 jobs (Ebrahim 26). Mexico's textile industry, too, has grown as a result of NAFTA, in 1996 overtaking China to become the largest supplier of textiles to the United States. U.S. mills invest hundreds of millions of dollars to build plants in Mexico as an effect of the reduced tariffs and shipping time. It takes only eighteen hours to ship goods to the Mexican border, while it takes twenty-one hours to China. Increased investment and exports have created jobs and increased GDP. In 1998, Mexico's economy grew 4.5 percent and economists predict that it will grow an additional 2.5 percent in '99 (Harbrecht 35). Free trade under NAFTA has also encouraged international specialization, the production of only the goods that a particular economy can produce most efficiently. If the U.S. for example, is efficiently manufacturing cars and Mexico, producing corn, then the U.S. should produce

Hidden Surveillance Cameras Essay Example

Hidden Surveillance Cameras Essay Example Hidden Surveillance Cameras Essay Hidden Surveillance Cameras Essay Hidden surveillance cameras are an important topic because time and time again, the use of hidden cameras has given us better ways to catch criminals in the act. Did you see? has become an obsolete question; just go to the video. Imagine waking up to an intruder in your home, getting robbed at gun point or witnessing a crime being committed. I have experienced all of these events and although I wasn’t physically hurt, I was mentally scarred.At the times of these events there were no hidden surveillance cameras being used; therefore the aforementioned criminals weren’t caught. Today hidden surveillance cameras are more common around the world than most of us realize. They can be found in bus stops, convenience stores, fast food restaurants, homes, and ATM machines on almost every continent. Thesis Statement Hidden surveillance cameras make surveillance easier for business owners to reduce internal theft, insure the safety of your children while in daycare, and provide security for customers using ATM machines. Outline I. IntroductionA. Topic and Purpose B. Thesis Statement II. What are the pros and cons of hidden surveillance cameras for business owners? A. Reduce internal theft B. Keep employees honest C. Protect safety of employees D. Invading people’s privacy E. Mistrust among employees III. Hidden cameras are useful to parents that use childcare. A. Reduce the chances of child abuse B. Eliminates the opportunity for neglect C. Improve on safety 1. Rules/compliance D. Mistrust among child care provider IV. Hidden cameras at ATM’s and other public areas help reduce crime A. Protection for customers using the ATMB. Protect the ATM C. View other crimes in the area D. Criminals benefit from hidden surveillance cameras V. Conclusion Hidden Surveillance Cameras Hidden surveillance cameras have become a leading crime deterrent tool used for security in both homes and businesses around the world. With technology on the rise, hidden surveillance cameras can be made so small that they can be placed anywhere, allowing home owners and business owners to view wrong doings. This does create problems for some people because they feel that their privacy is being invaded (Stanely, 2013).People that use hidden surveillance cameras for more reasons than what it is intended for are committing a crime. Hidden surveillance cameras don’t prevent crime they just allow the criminals to be caught. Business owners use surveillance cameras to protect their property. They may use hidden surveillance cameras to prevent theft or to keep personnel in order. When cameras are not in plain sight, people can sometimes act in a manner that they normally wouldn’t (e. g. an employee stealing from a register or a person shoplifting).One concern that many have over the use of hidden surveillance cameras is that it can create mistrust among employees. Another concern is there is no way to tell if the placement of the cameras and the film is being used appropriately. The worst case scenarios such as placement in a dressing rooms or bedrooms are obvious (Stanely, 2013). Home owners use surveillance cameras to protect their homes from intruders, they also can use hidden surveillance cameras to view wrong doings inside the home (e. g. nannies). When cameras are not in plain sight, people can sometimes act in a manner that they normally wouldn’t.Imagine wanting to know how your child is being cared for while you’re away and to find out that your child is being abused or neglected. Imagine finding out that your child is not getting fed. For many parents the main benefit they receive from their hidden surveillance cameras is added peace of mind. They feel that technology gives them the added sense of peace that comes with knowing their children are happy and being well cared for (Roberts, 2009). It’s a relief to know that a person caring for your child or love one is following the rules and regulations set forth by the proper guidelines.Hidden surveillance cameras installed at ATM’s, protect costumers that are using it. Most crimes committed at ATM’s happen when a person’s back is turned but with hidden surveillance cameras the surrounding dangers can be captured on video. There is a drawback, people can hack into surveillance cameras at ATM’s and retrieve people’s information (e. g. passwords or account numbers) but having surveillance cameras at ATM’s or any public place can allow criminal to be caught (e. g. the Boston bombings). These two men would not have been caught so quickly if it had not been for surveillance cameras.In this paper, the pros definitely out way the cons for hidden surveillance cameras. I have demonstrated with examples, why the uses of hidden surveillance cameras are important. Installation of surveillance cameras can be very expensive but if crime is being deterred than it is well worth it. If a parent can feel more at ease knowing that child is being cared for properly, than it’s well worth it. If store owner can protect his/her property using hidden surveillance cameras, than it’s well worth it. Annotated Bibliography Bartell, C. (2010). Opposing Arguments to the Use of CCTV Security Camera Surveillance.Ezinearticles. com Retrieved from http://ezinearticles. com/? expert=Christine_Bartell As the use of CCTV cameras increases across the United States and globe, so does the debate over their numbers and motives. There are many arguments for video surveillance, including peace of mind, loss prevention, crime deterrence and crime solving, but what about the other side of the story. I chose this source because it touched on both sides of the argument. Roberts, W. (2009). The pros and cons of implementing nanny cams to spy on your nanny. Video-surveillance-guide. om Retrieved from video-surveillance-guide. com/nanny-cams-1. htm Many parents think of these cameras as the perfect solution that provides the peace of mind they need to know their family is being well cared for. There are, however, differing opinions on this trend. Some experts feel parents may be overlooking some key aspects of childcare by relying too heavily on these mini spy devices. I chose this source because it elaborates on the pros and cons of nanny cams to give people a choice whether or not to use them. Sofsian, D. (2011). Hidden Cameras: Pros and Cons.Ezinearticles. com Retrieved from http://EzineArticles. com/139013 The major use of Hidden Cameras is security. Almost all department stores, banks, hospitals, airports, casinos, etc. have Hidden Camera security systems. These cameras are connected to a monitor in the security cabin, which is continuously manned. Several cameras can be hooked onto the same monitor forming a CCTV network. CCTV Hidden Cameras are very popular security devices. I chose this source because Damien Sofsian has proven to be an expert author and has written hundreds of articles. Stanely, D. 2013). Pros and Cons of Hidden Public Cameras. Ehow. com Retrieved from ehow. com/info_8164001_pros-cons-hidden-public-cameras. html Depending on the usage, hidden cameras have become a controversial topic. Cameras that provide a live feed on peoples comings and goings are good for maintaining security and safety. Hidden public cameras often make people feel as though their privacy is being invaded. One concern that many have over the use of hidden public cameras is that there is no way to tell if the placement of the cameras is being used appropriately (i. . dressing rooms and bedrooms). I chose this source because it covered both sides of the argument. This source gave multiple examples and different scenarios that support each side. Winn, R. (2013). Video Surveillance and Surveillance Laws. Ezinearticles. com Retrieved from http://ezinearticles. com/? Video-Surveillance-and-Surveillance-Lawsamp;id=267213 Most camera surveillance is legal in the United States. The majority of surveillance laws concern the invasion of privacy with the use of covert video surveillance. The use of covert surveillance is particularly

Modal Verbs

Modal Verbs Modal Verbs Modal Verbs By Maeve Maddox A reader wonders when the term â€Å"modal verb† began to be applied to the following helping verbs: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would. Writes the reader: When I was young, no teacher or college professor whose subject was English ever mentioned modal with respect to verbs.   So, whats with the modal stuff?   Modal seems to me to be nothing more than a current trend.   Can you tell whence and when modal sprang into being? Like this reader, I went a very long time before hearing these helping verbs called â€Å"modals.† The first time I heard the term was in graduate school- and I’d taught high school English for several years before going there. The Ngram Viewer shows the existence of â€Å"modal verbs† in printed books as early as 1848, but the term’s use begins to soar in the 1960s. The earliest OED citations for â€Å"modal verbs† in the context of grammar are dated 1933, the year that saw the publication of an influential textbook based on structural linguistics: Language, by Leonard Bloomfield (1887-1949). The importance of structural linguistics declined in the 1950s and 1960s as Chomsky’s theory of â€Å"generative grammar† displaced it, but the term â€Å"modal verbs† remained popular. Modal verbs are also called modals, modal auxiliary verbs, and modal auxiliaries. These helping verbs are used to show if the speaker believes something is certain, probable or possible (or not). For example: I may be able to travel to Tulsa with you. Must you contradict everything I say? Will my car be ready by this afternoon? Modals are also used to talk about ability, to ask permission, to make a request or an offer, and so on. For example: He could not lift the weight. May I go with my friends to the mall? As for being a â€Å"current trend,† the term may have been a trend in the 1960s, but after half a century, modal verbs are in the day-to-day grammar lexicon to stay. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Direct and Indirect Objects36 Poetry TermsHow often is "bimonthly"?

Individual Assignment #2 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Individual Assignment #2 - Case Study Example The amount of money saved can then be used to increase speed and precision of product development. Through the company’s strong marketing, it can develop its products globally while reducing cost. A company can reduce the cost and at the same time develop products by using recyclable materials. Relocating of the company’s production plants to low-cost countries will help it reduce the cost, increase speed and precision of product development (Hunger, & Bamford, PP. 35-40). AB Electrolux focuses to relocate its proactive activities to low cost production areas such as China. The company can compete with local Chinese consumer manufacturers in the following ways. First the company is able to offer consumers with quality low cost vacuum cleaners, making it to be very competitive. In addition, the company has ability to use door-to-door sales strategy that will help AB Electrolux outdo Chinese consumer manufactures as this method will help increase sales. Consumers prefer a one to one relationship with companies and therefore AB Electrolux should implement personal contact with consumers. Due to increase in technology, the company should utilize e marketing to promote sales of their commodities and cope with competition. Apart from marketing, the internet also gives price awareness to consumers. The company can also reduce prices of products in Chinese consumer manufacturers dominated areas to increase sales thereby improving their competition (Hunger, & Bamford, PP. 36-42). The company should produce their products that are heavy and bulky near the end users to save cost of shipping and at the same time maintain their premium brand and prices. The company should invest in attractive markets where demand is high as well as income of individuals to be able to maintain premium prices. Ensuring products meet consumer needs will help maintain premium

Entrepreneur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Entrepreneur - Essay Example Not every person has the nerve and bravery of putting a large amount of their money at jeopardy. Sid was ready to go ahead with his dream of owning a business and not doing a job under someone. He was ready to invest all his savings that were kept aside for another important purpose of a family by his wife. He not only invested money that he had, but also took major loans from the bank. And entrepreneur not only invests money into the business, but runs the entire set up. Sid fits the picture well because he had an entire plan in mind for the business of a product that he created, which also received positive responses from his friends and co-workers. As the entrepreneur, he worked out the business plan that stated the business objective, an introduction to the product, his manufacturing plant details, marketing techniques, financial funding reports, legal planning and even his personnel hiring plans. Although, Sid did not have the knowledge that normally an entrepreneur would have because of his lack of professional degrees; he managed to know enough for his use by the small management course that he did. He covered up for that by following the advice of his bank consultant who guided his through the steps towards the loan. In order to pursue his dream, Sid took a big risk of starting Ladder rails. The product was totally new and could have easily failed to catch the consumer attention, but Sid did not lose hope and just like a successful entrepreneur entered the gamble. An entrepreneur needs to have passion and deep faith in his product and work, which Sid most definitely did. Even in the first two years of the business, when losses were actually being made, he did not blame anybody else and took responsibility for it. Along with that, he did not lose hope that quick and with the satisfaction from the increasing sales continued with the business. Therefore, we can say that Sid is truly the definition of an entrepreneur. Q2. Not every business endeavor tends to succeed in its mission, only certain ones with the necessary qualities cross hurdles and reach its destination. One of the basic factors is a good entrepreneur running the business. Entrepreneurs are people with different skills and qualities. There are usually four cornerstones that are crucial for entrepreneurs to possess - commitment to the opportunity, strategic leadership, organizational capabilities and persistence. For a business to succeed, the people running it should have strong faith in their plans. It is only with deep passion and commitment that a business can cross all hurdles, otherwise people tend to lose hope when there are many problems on the way. Sid's business, Ladder Rail, initially had to face many financial problems. There were not enough funds available to start up a new business from the scratch or to buy plants and machinery for production. There were also some people who discouraged Sid; and later the losses made were disheartening in itself, but it was Sid's devotion to his dream of a new business that gave him the strength to pull through. In order for a business to sustain and flourish in the future, the leadership should be strategic; that is, the leader should have a vision in the future. Current activity should be such that the long term goals are fulfilled and the business becomes much more lucrative with time. Sid was

Ellen and Edward represent Essay Example for Free

Ellen and Edward represent Essay Ellen and Edward represent the dynamic challenge of working with two people who enter therapy together, but present different levels of clinical symptomatology. In this case, Ellen appears to be experiencing the most difficulty functioning in her life. She reports a lack of energy, persistent sadness, and even occasional suicidal ideation. These problems are not new for Ellen as she has likely suffered from clinical depression for several years. Her termination of individual therapy may have triggered or intensified her recent increase in symptoms. Ellen’s diagnosis is Major Depressive Disorder. Her severity ranges from moderate to severe. At this time, Edward does not meet criteria for any Axis I disorders, but further information would be necessary to understand his personality and other areas of functioning more thoroughly. Neither member of this partnership meets criteria for an Axis II diagnosis. There are no medical conditions reported and therefore, no Axis III diagnosis. Axis IV psychosocial problems for Ellen include her previous abuse. As a couple, psychosocial difficulties include communication problems and marital discord. Ellen’s GAF is estimated to be 35 while Edward is functioning more effectively at a GAF of 65. The couple’s level of functioning is more reflective of Ellen’s more severe difficulties (Weeks Hof, 1995). They are failing to communicate, meet basic needs of the household, and sustain meaningful aspects of the relationships. Because Ellen has experienced a mood disturbance for longer than the duration of her marriage, it is possible that even her mate selection of Edward was related to her diagnosis (Weeks Hof, 1995). For this reason, Ellen’s individual diagnosis should be seen in the context of the relationship for the purposes of couple’s therapy. It is an integral part of their relationship and cannot be extracted if the couple wishes to fortify their relationship through marital counseling. Ellen would still be encouraged to seek her own individual therapy and consultation with a psychiatrist to address the severity of her depression. Ellen’s diagnosis was reached through the decision-tree method presented in the DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). This method is a thorough way to match the presenting symptoms to the most appropriate clinical diagnosis. In this case, Ellen’s experience of a mood disorder was clear early in the initial session. The details she described about her past provided enough clinical information to eliminate bipolar disorders and more mild forms of depression. Major depressive disorder encompasses the duration and severity (i. e. occasional suicidal ideation) of her condition. The single criticism of the decision-tree method may be its tendency to over-diagnose. While this client clearly met criteria, there are very few paths out of the decision-tree should a client present mild symptoms that do not yet merit a full diagnosis. There are many different medication options that may supplement Ellen’s participation in psychotherapy. Lexapro and Zoloft, members of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class, may be useful. If Ellen does not respond to these drugs or is at-risk for their adverse side-effects, Wellbutrin is another option. This drug has a complete different action mechanism than the others in the SSRI class. Ellen’s response and compliance with any antidepressant medication should be monitored closely. Her history of abruptly terminating treatment could indicate a potential to also stop taking her medication without warning. Many antidepressants need to be tapered off in gradually decreasing dosages. Abruptly ceasing treatment can cause dangerous side effects. References American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM IV- TR. (4th ed. ). Washington, DC: Author. Weeks, G. R. Hof, L. (1995) Integrative Solutions: Treating common problems in couples therapy. New York: Psychology Press.

Purloined Letter Essay -- essays research papers

A Critical Analysis of â€Å"The Purloined Letter† by Edgar Allan Poe  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Edgar Allan Poe’s background influenced him to write the short story â€Å"The Purloined Letter†. One important influence on the story is that Poe seem to feel inferior to his class mates while in college, which may have been why he wrote Dupin to be seen as superior to his colleagues. While at the University of Virginia he owed others high amounts of money because of gambling, he would drink excessively to help hide his feelings of inadequacy. (Taylor) The second influence on this short story I believe is Poe’s extent in the United States Army. He time in the military was unsuccessful. Because of his experience he made the Perfect of the police a little lacking in intelligence. This background, together with a believable plot, convincing characterization, and important literary devices, enables Edgar Allan Poe in â€Å"The Purloined Letter† to develop the them that characteristic of the human animal to overlook the obvious.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This story does not have a surprise ending nor does is really have a sense of suspense. You know from the beginning who took the letter, but you do not know what information was contained in the letter and how that information would have affect the queen. The only surprise may be in where the letter was keep throughout the story, in plain site. The Perfect of the police searched the Minister’s lodgings many nigh...

Research Process and Terminology Essay

The purpose for this document is to speak of my description of the research process and these documents will also contain new vocabulary retrieved from this week’s readings. In fact, this document will speak of how this new vocabulary and information applies to a career in criminal justice. In addition, this document will speak of how not knowing the correct vocabulary changes as I conduct the criminal justice research. Furthermore, this document will speak of how knowing the new vocabulary can be an asset to me when evaluating and examining research studies or data. Research Process Research includes a precise method that centers on impartial and collecting a great number of data for showing the results of an examination so that the collector of information can come to an outcome. The method used in the collection of information and evaluation plans regardless if the inquiry and examination process. In fact, the process focuses on testing feelings or concepts. In addition, any new information done without proof or support of the careful examination will not let others look over the study and process the outcome (White, 2013). New Terminology and how it applies to a career in Criminal Justice Replication is the recurrence of controlled procedures or investigations using the same methods (Hagan, 2010). Replication can be used in the career of the criminal justice system by aiding in the DNA process to prove if a person is innocent or guilty of a crime that he or she was been convicted of. In fact, by using the replication process many times will allow the analysis to get the correct results (White, 2013). Verification is proof or exact findings or accomplishments of great certitude in conclusions through extra observation (Hagan, 2010). Verification by law enforcement officers checking and double checking that he or she has the correct information obtained before turning in his or her reports for example, traffic violations (White, 2013). Pure (basic) research is concerned with the acquisition of new data for the sake of science or the development of the field (Hagan, 2010). Scientist in the criminal justice field retrieving new information can aid him or her in any developments that science needs to improve on from prior data (White, 2013). Applied research is practical research concerned with explaining the policy problems (Hagan, 2010). In applied research it helps law enforcement figure out why the old policies are not working and what can be done to improve the policies compared to the past policies (White, 2013). Crime analysis is the systematic, analytic methods directed at supplying useful information related to illegal patterns (Ibid, nd). Crime analysis in the criminal justice field can aid in the career of scientists because he or she uses examinations, violation representations, violation programs, arrest records, law enforcements calls as well as additional means to show applicable data (Wilson, 2013). In fact, crime analysis in criminal justice careers uses identification guides, violation prognosis, target profile analysis, requirements of investigative leads, and requirements to aid data to neighborhood policing and crime prevention programs. An example of a crime prevention program is the Drug Abuse Awar eness Education (DARE) (Gottlieb, Sheldon, & Raj, 1994). Intelligences agencies assist the act of coming to a decision of who is doing what with whom by its focus of the relationship between illegal – and unusual activities for example, narcotics, trafficking, prostitution rings, organized crime, gangs, and terrorists (Gottlieb, Sheldon, & Raj, 1994). Intelligences agencies in the criminal justice system as a career for example, the narcotics division can aid in bringing down individuals dealing in narcotics. Individuals who are assigned to this specific area in law enforcement can gain important information from confidential informants (if any) to help in bringing down the individual or individuals involved in narcotics for example, marijuana, crack cocaine, and heroin. In addition, to the narcotics division there is the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI). The Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) supplies other law enforcement agencies with services for example, finger print identification (â€Å"Criminal Justice Data Improvement,† 2013). Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, and interpreting data (Bennett, Briggs, & Triola, 2009). Statistics as a career in the criminal justice field can help scientists organize, collect, and interpret the information needed to for cases for example, by summarizing the information instead of doing each of the experiments separately and easier to gather the information then put it into a summary (White, 2013). How not knowing the correct vocabulary changes as Dena conducts research in criminal justice. When doing research in criminal justice if Dena does not know the correct meanings of the new terms it can lead to wrong and inaccurate information that goes into her documentation. An example of this would be if Dena were writing information for both applied and pure research she could misinterpret the meanings for both of the new terms and when doing her documentation to be presented. The documents that Dena has provided will be wrong and will not give the right outcome therefore, the reports that she turns into her boss will let he or she know that Dena is not as familiar with the new terminology (White, 2013). How knowing the right terminology can be an asset to Dena when evaluating research and information. When looking over the documentation and definitions of each new vocabulary term knowing the right terms will aid in the research Dena will be able to show any mistakes (if any). In fact, if Dena knows the definitions and how each functions then she will be able to continue he r research and find any misspelled vocabulary terms. Knowing the differences between the right and wrong new vocabulary can make a difference when doing a document that has to be presented (White, 2013). In conclusion, learning new vocabulary terms in the criminal justice field aids in the research process. Knowing both of the definitions and what each means will aid in the process for research. In fact, by not knowing the differences Dena can misinterpret one definition for another for example, pure research, and applied research. Statics in the criminal justice field can be beneficial to the scientist because he or she can put the information into a computer and summarize the facts. Summarizing the facts makes it easier on the scientist or analyst because he or she does not have to do each experiment separately. References Criminal Justice Data Improvement (2013). Program Summary, (), . Retrieved from http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?=tp&tid=4 Gottlieb, S., Sheldon, A., & Raj, S. (1994), Crime Analysis: From First Report to Final Arrest. Crime Analysis: From First Report to Final Arrest. , (), Hagan, F.E. (2010). Research methods in criminal justice and criminology (8th ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Ibid (no date) R Wilson (personal communication, July 20, 2013)

Pay System in Organizations Essay

Since last few years, companies and organizations have been formulating different ways to develop and design different payment methods on the basis of their performance depending on their particular organizational goals. This system, as Jeffery A Mello said, pay for performance programs reward to employees in the form of increase in salary on the basis of merit, bonuses, and stock options as for achieving the acquired performance levels giving due consideration to skills and competencies. Mello, 2006) These incentives motivate employees to increase their performance level increasing the competition spirit as well overall performance of the organization. Academy of Management Journal as on first February 1998 published an article ‘An empirical analysis of a skill-based pay program and plant performance outcomes’ by Brian Murray and Barry Gerhart. This academic article reported that around 51 per cent of the large companies were making use of the skill or knowledge based pay programs in small portions of their organizations. It was found that the traditional approach of payment takes into consideration only the main features of the work employees need to complete, whereas the pay programs based on the skills were bestowing rewards on the basis of the performance and work shown by the employees that they termed as â€Å"work-related attributes of employees. † (Murray & Gerhart, 1998, p. 68) By offering incentives to employees on their performance and showing their different traits like skills, capabilities and knowledge, organizations were able to divert the employees towards several opportunities they can avail of for their growth. By diverting the attention of the workers towards the skill based goals, organizations hoped to give more space to flexibility, reduction in the labor cost and increase in the product quality. Asian Business and Management journal reported performance-related pay systems in their article ‘Paying for Success: Performance-Related Pay Systems and its effects on Firm Performance in Japan’ by Dai Miyamoto and Junpe Higuchi, published in 2007. The paper showed the effects on the performance of the firm by the introduction of the performance-related pay (PRP) systems introduced at Japanese companies since late 1990s. The central point of the paper was to develop from the previous research process the fairness of the PRP systems instead of the introduction and another focus had been on the way there has been changing in the labor cost management. In the study, the most important finding has been the way the process of communication between the superiors and subordinates plays a role in bringing in improvement in the performance of the firms. Though at relatively large companies, there was seen reduction in the basic pay yet there has been increase in the correlation between performance and labor costs having a disincentive effect, but there has been much improvement at the performance level of Japanese firms through the process of PRP systems. (Miyamoto & Higuchi, 2007) Under this system, company’s strategic concept in Japan has been to reverse the traditional system of compensating employees, which takes age as well as the personal attributes as criteria as standard. Companies are now on large account preferring the skills and performance of the employees related to work for defining pay structure. From the provision of promotion, the system has been changed to the remuneration system. Companies aim to provide incentives on the basis of the strict performance appraisals thus intending to create a strong connection between performance and pay. Miyamoto & Higuchi, 2007) The strategic move by the companies to give the practical shape to the skill based payment system has its basis on two broad theoretical approaches-behavioral approach and operational approach. The skill-based pay system allows the organization to bring in the changes in the nature of the work creating a direct as well as indirect effect on the attitude or behavior of the workers. In the operational approach, the focus is on the process of scheduling in the production jobs and constriction on the flexibility of the labor assignment. As the main purpose of the skill-oriented pay system is creating an affect on the flexibility in the work force, the process could considerably reduce the effect on the labor constraints and permit for efficiency in production scheduling. (Murray & Gerhart, 1998) If we consider the short period, skill based pay system assumed to have a positive effect on the organizational outcome. To get such results, managers should realize that the payment system based on the skill should be a comprehensive human resource program and the results that could emerge are dependent on the way basic pay is fixed. The success of any policy is also dependent on the way resources are allotted and managed so as there is a provision for adequate training, certification appraisal and the way scheduling on the production level is managed and the complementary job design is fixed. Without following even any one of the policy or procedure could result in the lack of motivation among employees for upgrading themselves or it could also result in the rise in pay but without rise in productivity or quality. (Murray & Gerhart, 1998)

Real Face of Terrorism essays

Real Face of Terrorism essays Terrorism in the Websters New American Dictionary is defined as the systematic use of intense fear as a means of coercion. In this day and age, the term terrorism is more than just the use of intense fear as a means of coercion but includes the use of terrorism as a means of revenge and pure sport and also as a means of suppression. While the dictionaries definitions says that it is the use coercion to promote certain ideologies, some of the most cleverly hidden terrorism today is the terrorism used to suppress some ideologies or certain ethnic groups or societies. The popular image of terrorism is of extremist groups trying to rebel or promote their ideologies by blowing up airplanes, buses, government buildings, or taking hostages. By defining terrorism thoroughly, we can begin to look at what terrorism is really about. The use of terror is usually a tool to promote ideologies according to the dictionary but what about the use of terror for revenge? After the Serb withdrawal from Kosovo this past month, there was a rash of terrorist acts committed by Albanians against Serbs. The Serb civilian population of Kosovo was not a threat to the Albanians but the violence against them was not one of coercion but of revenge. The hostage crisis at the American embassy in Teheran twenty years ago was another example of terrorism based on revenge. While that incident involved the political theme of the revolution in Iran and the authorities used it to promote their Islamic ideology, those that carried out the hostage crisis took over the embassy in a fit of rage and under the euphoria of anger against anything American. They had already achieved their goal, which was to rid the American backed Shah who ruled the country with terror; the hostage crisis was merely an outburst of revenge against the west. Terror ism is not just coercion, but it also revenge. The use of terror to punish the victim and remind them of what the ena...

The Phonogram WH

The Phonogram WH The Phonogram WH The Phonogram WH By Maeve Maddox A reader commenting on Wile vs While wrote: Modern speakers and writers have a problem with W words such as while and wile (another example: whale, wale, and wail) because there is no longer a distinction made between the way wh and w are pronounced. Not all American speakers distinguish between the sounds of whine and wine, but many still do. There are advantages to teaching the distinction, even in regions where the difference has been lost in the local dialect. Wh represents the sound one makes when blowing out a candle: [wh]. The number of English words that begin with wh is not large, and even speakers who distinguish between the initial sounds of Wales and whales do not pronounce wh as [wh] in every word that begins with the wh spelling. For speakers of dialects that still distinguish between the pronunciation of which and witch, the following words begin with the aspirated sound [wh]: whack whale wharf what wheat wheel wheeze when where whet whether which whiff Whig while whim whimper whip whirl whisk whisker whisky whisper whit white whoop why In the following words, the spelling wh represents the sound [h]. who whom whole whose wholly whore What linguists call the â€Å"wine-whine merger† is no doubt destined to prevail in the United States. Nevertheless, teaching the aspirated sound of wh is an aid to spelling mastery. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Types of LanguageWhat is Dative Case?50 Plain-Language Substitutions for Wordy Phrases

Macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Macroeconomics - Essay Example In order to justify the arguments mentioned in the article, the author has used different economic theories. Equilibrium Theory of Economics: The author of the article implicitly described that the political leaders believe that the equilibrium in the economy will be achieved with the help of tax cut strategy. The assumption that lies behind the strategy of tax cut was that by reducing the taxes the economy will grow further and the economy may be able to achieve equilibrium position. First of all, it is important to develop cognizant regarding the equilibrium theory. Equilibrium theory of economics depends upon the behavior of demand and supply along with the prices of the whole economy (Scarf, 2008). The combination of quantity and the prices, where demand equals supply, is referred to as the equilibrium point. This equilibrium point is the point, where the economic growth is at its peak. The strategy, which is being followed by the US Govt. since last 10 years, was to reduce the t axes so the purchasing power of the people can be increased and the economic growth can reach approximately at its peak. Implicitly, the Govt. of United States Of America is assuming the equilibrium theory of economics persists. ... The strategy of tax cut prevails throughout the period. Now the question arises why the tax cut strategy could not be successful? The answer lies in the explanation of Keynesian Theory of Economics. Keynisian Theory Of Economics: One of the most significantly studied economic theories by the author of the article is the Keynesian theory. The Keynesian theory describes the fact that there are number of different factors that must be considered when studying the cause and effect relationships (Keynes, 2004). The article has beautifully described the facts that during the period of tax cuts the economy could not grow properly, but the period of economic growth could be significantly seen when the tax rates were high David Leonhardt, the author of the article has conducted the correlation analysis. The basic concept behind the Keynesion economic theory is that the aggregate demand and supply may never be equal for the economic growth. In other words, the equilibrium point, where the dema nd equals supply may not necessarily be the point of highest economic growth. The reason is that there are many other factors that may have profound impacts on the economic growth. The US Govt. must also consider those other factors to define the economic growth. The basic presumption behind the tax cut strategy, was that in short term the tax cut put money in the people’s pocket and in the long run people will work harder if they keep more of the next dollar they earn. The Govt. did not focus on other related and important factors. One of the most important considerations was that the people who care about hitting the specific income target might work less because they can hit that particular income target more easily. In addition to this, the economy has also experienced deficit,

What is a hero Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What is a hero - Essay Example As Nanda would put it, a hero need not be somebody of dignified importance, a common man be a hero (1). A hero can come in many different shapes and sizes. Male or female, child or elderly, family member or a complete stranger, there is no limit to who can be someone’s hero and anyone can â€Å"fit as aptly into the category as a king or an eli† (Nanda 1). In the selections that were read, hero came in various forms and even in unusual way. Perhaps, the closest to the stereotype of hero is the character of Hard Rock in the poem â€Å"Hard Rock Returns to Prison† by Etheridge Knight, where a tough guy is type casted to the typical mold of a hero. He is a big black man from prison that everyone knows as being rough and tough. He was â€Å"known to take no shit from nobody.† ( Etheridge Knight, 194) he would whoop on anyone who said anything bad towards anyone. So the other prisoners looked at him as their hero. One had said â€Å"he had been our Destroyer, the doer of things we dreamed of doing but could not bring ourselves to do.† (Etheridge Knight, 195). In a way they all looked up to him, because he had the courage to do and stick up for what he believed in. Heroes need not to be as tough as Hard Rock also. They can be as gentle as our mothers but can become a hero in someone else’s eyes. This was the case in the short story â€Å"The Train from Hate† there is a completely different type of hero. The hero is a young boy’s mother where her character was not necessarily as tough and popular as Knight’s Hard Rock but rather of someone with steely disposition. This was evident when they were kicked off the train for being colored. Instead of causing a big scene she simply gets off. The boy was very upset they had to do this but she explained to him carefully it is has nothing to do with them. â€Å"She assured me that the conductor was not superior because he was white, and I was not inferior because I was black.† (John Hope Franklin

External and Internal Environmental Analysis Essay - 4

External and Internal Environmental Analysis - Essay Example The world certainly operates in an era where the need to come up with efficient and reliable technology is of primary importance. Thus, Apple has no choice, but to go for innovation in order to meet the requirement of the society that constantly of in great demand for new innovative technologies. Considering that every nation has to protect its economic status, employing government policy is the usual trend. Thus, it is remarkable that Apple has to abide by the rules and regulations of every nation where there is a high need for its product offerings. On the other hand, as Porter suggested, in an industry, there must be five forces, which include, new entrants, substitute products, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, and rivalry among existing firms (Porter, 2003). Apple has to face the competition. That is the reality. At present, there are small scale new entrants and new brands in the industry that try to compete with Apple’s product offerings. There are also various substitute products around, which could be the great result of rivalry among existing firms. As a result, this increases the bargaining power of suppliers, because of the ongoing competition. In addition, provided that there are many firms out there like Apple which are competing in almost the same segment, the source of raw materials may substantially be a primary factor for profitability and sustainable competitive advantage. As a result, the bargaining power of suppliers is higher due to constant and high demand for raw materials. Apple’s marketing strategy is like no other, for it is the first and exemplary in its industry. Even in its marketing approach, the firm has substantially established an innovative marketing strategy and business model that make it a cut above the other in its industry. As a result, Apple ensures its production

Neutralisation of False Positives using Presumptive Tests

Neutralisation of False Positives using Presumptive Tests   Jasnique Tiwana   The Neutralisation of False Positives using Presumptive Tests for Blood   Abstract Introduction This project emphasis upon neutralising presumptive tests for blood, this differs from other studies as they just test for false positives, instead of attempting to neutralise these known false positives. This project was conducted as there are no current obvious projects on the neutralisation of false positives. This is a crucial topic because it will save time at crime scenes when looking at a suspected blood stain, many false positives are known to interfere with the presumptive tests kits. However, if these can be eliminated at the scene, then it will save lots of time conducting confirmatory tests for a stain that is not blood. It will be interesting to discover whether one neutralizer can neutralise all or the majority of the unknown false positives. The aims of this project are to find out which substance/ products produce false positives, and whether or not these false positives can be neutralised. In addition, how many of these false positives work for both Kastle-Meyers and Leucomalachite green. Also whether the type of surface these false positives are found upon affects the ability for them to be detected. There are numerous amounts of different bodily fluids that can be found at a crime scene. Blood is one of the most common and important bodily fluid found at a crime scene as it can give an insight to a DNA profile and much more. The blood can either be from the offender this can help corroborate stories and give a deeper insight into what actually happened (The Forensics Library, n.d). In the criminal justice system blood is defined as a vital complex biological fluid containing red blood cells, which is present in vertebrate and may be shed during an accidental, intentional and/or criminal acts. (Wonder,2001). Blood consist of erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets, hence presumptive assays test for the presence of haemoglobin located in the erythrocytes (Jackson and Jackson, 2007). However, at a scene it may not always be obvious as to whether or not the stain is actually blood, thus, presumptive tests are required to determine whether the stain could be blood or not. There are various different presumptive tests designed to identify whether the stain is blood, although, these are not a confirmatory test for blood. Blood found at a crime scene is essential as it can provide a DNA profile from both the victim and the suspect. (Gupta, et, al. 2016). This can then be collected for further analysis in the laboratory, to obtain DNA profiles etc. (Tobe, et, al. 2007). Over centuries various different attempted clean-up methods have been used for blood, including bleach, therefore, it is important to use a presumptive test which can detect microscopic blood stains. Presumptive tests Presumptive tests with the exception of luminol are not applied directly to a stain, instead, the suspected stain is lifted using a sterile swab or filter paper, the presumptive test is then carried out on the filter paper or the swab. This is to ensure that the suspected stain is not damaged. In certain cases, such as where the surfaces have been washed down, it becomes more appropriate to use luminol due to its high level of detection (Jackson and Jackson, 2007). Presumptive tests are used by forensic scientists worldwide to aid in the identification of unknown substances such as blood. However, a presumptive test does not provide definitive identification instead it provides useful information which helps to decide what further action if any is needed. There are numerous presumptive tests for blood, historically with the most common being benzidine which was first introduced in 1904 (after Kastle-Meyers) which was introduced in 1901). Moreover, this is no longer widely used in forensics as it was discovered to have carcinogenic effects. Tetramethylbenzidine has also been recognised as a carcinogen and caution should be applied when using either test (James,1998). Presumptive tests are not specific to Human blood as they will also give a positive result for animal blood. Commonly, a colour change is observed to determine whether it is positive for that substance, due to these presumptive tests are subject to false positives and false negatives. In screening tests for blood, the heam group is observed as this acts as a catalyst which is involved in the chemical reactions. False positive results can be obtained from chemicals containing strong oxidants such as bleaches and household cleaners. Plant peroxidases such as horseradish can also affect presumptive tests such as horseradish as they contain peroxidases they catalyse oxidation reactions thus causing a false positive. They are known to be sensitive to heat so heating up a plant peroxidase can inactivate it. A false positive is identified as a colour change before the addition of hydrogen peroxide (Li,2008). Li (2008) states that although uncommon false negatives can also occur, this happens when a strong reductant is present, this hinders the oxidation reaction. Luminol Luminol is referred to a chemiluminescent reaction which is oxidised by haemoglobin. It was a very early method used in 1937 to detect microscopic amounts of blood at a crime scene as it has a very small detection limit (in nanograms). Although, the test is sensitive it is also prone to false positives as with the other presumptive tests of blood. Sodium Hypochlorite is in bleach based substances commonly used for a clean-up, this would be detected by the luminol test (Quickenden and Cooper 2001). A limitation to luminol is that it must be used in total darkness to be able to see the reaction. It is different from the other presumptive tests as it involves illumination with a bright light (blue) (Webb, et al, 2006). Kastle-Meyers The phenolphthalin Assay is referred to as the Kastle Meyers test, it differs from phenolphthalein which is a class of dye indicator commonly used in titrations. Phenolphthalin is a colourless compound (the reduced form), the oxidized derivative is phenolphthalein which turns pink (Li, 2015). The Kastle-Meyers (KM) test is one of the most popular presumptive test used by forensic scientists, it is possible to detect blood up to 100,000x dilution (Bell, 2012). Figure 1 shows the oxidation of phenolphthalein causing a pink colour change when reacting with a peroxide. The Kastle-Meyers test is a presumptive test used to identify blood stains; it contains phenolphthalein, which reacts with the haemoglobin in blood with the addition of hydrogen peroxide leading to a pink colour change for a positive test. This test, however, is not specific for blood and can be subject to false positives, it is also not specific to human blood and will react with animal blood. Therefore, it is not a confirmatory test of blood. Leucomalachite green (LMG) is also a presumptive test of blood, however; it is not as popular as the Kastle Meyers test (Bell, 2012). A positive result for Leucomalachite green is a green-blue colour change. Leucomalachite green (LMG) Figure 1 to show the chemical structure of Leucomalachite green (Sigma Aldridge, 2017) Leucomalachite Green chemical symbol C23H26N2 (PubChem, 2005), this is also a colour change test it is not as widely used as Kastle Meyers but it is just as useful. Leucomalachite green is oxidised by haem causing a blue-green colour change it is colourless when in its reduced state. The reaction is usually carried out in acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide which acts as an oxidiser (li, 2015). It is used in a very similar way to Kastle-Meyers, as the test is almost identical, this test as with the Kastle- Meyers, therefore, it is also prone to a false positive, hence further analytical tests are required to confirm if its blood. Due to the false positives, it cannot be called a confirmatory test for blood. These tests are also not specific as they do not react to just human blood but other animal blood. Neutralising agents Various different neutralisers are available for bleach. Bleach is known to be a common false positive detected with Presumptive tests. The active ingredient in Bleach is Sodium Hypochlorite, therefore, research into is neutralisation was looked into. The most common one used is Sodium Thiosulphate another is Ascorbic acid which is used more commonly in water storage tanks to climate all remaining bleach making the water safe to drink (Tanguay,2013). Due to the neutralisation of peroxide both these neutralisers will be used to see if they neutralise all the false positives. Method Preparation of the reagents: The Kastle-Meyers test: The reagent is made by weighing out 12g of phenolphthalein, 120g of potassium hydroxide and 30grams of Zinc dust and 600ml of distilled water should then be added. This is then put onto a hot plate and stirred for 3 hours. (Langford et,al). The Kastle-Meyers was used as follows, the stain was moistened with ethanol (optional depending on how the stain was lifted) and this is rubbed over the stain, then two drops of the Kastle-Meyers is then added onto the stain, at this stage a colour change is indicative of a false positive, if there is no false positive at this point then continue to the next stage, and add two drops of 3% hydrogen peroxide, if there is an immediate pink colour change this indicates blood could be present as it is a positive result for blood. If there is no colour change then it can be almost certainly said that no blood is present, this is due to its high level of sensitivity. Leucomalachite green solution was made up using 0.11grams of Leucomalachite green powder, 66mL of glacial acetic acid and 33mL of distilled water, this was mixed together to form the colourless Leucomalachite green (cox, 1991). The same method mentioned above is used for Leucomalachite green with a blue-green colour change being a positive result for blood and a blue-green before the addition of hydrogen peroxide being a false positive. The initial Leucomalachite green solution is clear. Defibrinated horse blood was used due to its similarity to human blood, also because presumptive tests cannot differentiate between blood types. The swabs used were all in sterile packaging and all the pipettes had been autoclaved prior to use to ensure that all equipment used was sterile as not to allow any cross contamination. Blood was placed straight onto a sterile swab; this was subjected to the presumptive tests to ensure no other contaminants caused a colour change this acted as a positive control. Negative controls were created using a sterile swab and adding each of the reagents to make sure nothing else was interfering with the test. A positive control was also taken by swabbing blood from denim to see if it would still react or if there was an interfering factor. To determine the levels of sensitivity for both KM and LMG blood was diluted and put into test tubes. Blood was pipetted into test tubes using Finn pipettes in order to determine accuracy. Different concentrations of blood were made up using distilled water and blood. The solutions made up were 1:10, 1:100, 1:1000, 1: 10,000, 1: 100,000 were prepared. This was done by pipetting 1mL of blood into 9mL of water, from this solution 1mL was added into 9mL of water and so on. This method was used to determine the level of sensitivity of the presumptive tests used a sterile swab was dipped into each of these solutions and the Kastle -Meyers test was performed. The time taken for these to turn and the shade of pink in which they turned were recorded. Each swab was taken 3 times in order to determine accuracy, but also each test tube was made up 3 times, this gave a total of 15 test tubes, to make sure no extra or no less blood was added each time, and to check the reliability of the method a s the blood had begun slightly clotting. This was done over a series of days to see if the results differed in anyway. A series of household items and known false positives obtained from previous literature reviews were determined and these were placed onto the denim material, by rubbing the item onto the material. The items used were, horseradish, bleach, red onion, lemon, tomato, tomato ketchup (Heinz) and potato. These were then allowed to dry on the material before dampening the stain with distilled water. This was repeated three times and also repeated after 3 days when it had more time to dry. With a fresh batch of false positives, horseradish, bleach, ketchup and tomato were re tested to see if they reacted to the new Kastle Meyers and Leucomalachite green solutions. Once the false positives were established such as the use of bleach, then sodium thiosulphate and Ascorbic acid were added to the stains to see if they affected the tests and gave a new negative reaction. Sodium thiosulphate was made up using 0.25g of Sodium Thiosulphate and 5ml of water and mixed to make a 5% solution, the crystals were stirred and the remaining solution was colourless Ascorbic acid was made up using 0.25g of ascorbic acid in 10ml of water, this was then stirred and gives a clear solution. Firstly, a sterile was dipped into bleach and a few drops of the leucomalachite green were applied using a disposable sterile pipette each time, the colour change was then observed. Once this was established another swab was dipped into bleach but this time sodium thiosulphate was first added to the swab, (again using a disposable sterile swab) the sodium thiosulphate was applied all the way around the swab to ensure all areas were covered. In addition, lecucomalachite green was then pipetted onto the swab and observed for a colour change, the same thing was then repeated using ascorbic acid. The swab was held up against a white background to see if It had a slight reaction or not. It was tried with pure bleach and diluted bleach to see if the reactions were the same. The neutralising agents were also used with pure blood to see if it reacted the same with blood and caused a colour change, hydrogen peroxide was added to the pure blood stain. This was to determine whether or not it is a true false positive or not. The next stage was to repeat the following steps using Kastle -Meyers on pure bleach and diluted bleach. In addition, to determine whether or not the false positives worked on all peroxides, both Ascorbic acid and Sodium Thiosulphate were also used on horseradish, in an attempt to neutralise it, this was repeated three times. Results Firstly, a positive and negative control were taken to ensure a positive result was obtained for pure blood and a negative result for water, indicating there was no contamination. A serial dilution was made for the Kastle-Meyers to determine the level of sensitivity. It was measured to a 1 in 100,000 dilution as this is the results obtained from previous literature as to the level of sensitivity. Table 1 shows the intensity of the colour change from the dilution of blood, this was repeated three times. Table 1 a table to show the level of sensitivity of the Kastle-Meyers solution Dilution factor Repeat 1 Repeat 2 Repeat 3 X10 Bright pink Bright Pink Bright Pink X100 Positive Positive Positive X1,000 Positive Positive Positive X10,000 Faint pink Faint pink None X100,000 None None None False positives were first tested on denim to see if they reacted. The blood sample was placed onto the denim material first this was to determine whether the Kastle-Meyers kit was working correctly. The results of the false positives can be seen in table 2, each sample was firstly loaded onto the swab and the denim material, this was too see if there was a difference between the two methods. The highlighted results in table two show the false positives which differed on the denim and the swab. Table 2 shows the first experiment to test for false positives comparing it to the reaction it had on denim. Table 2 false positives using Kastle-Meyers on denim and directly to swab, with* meaning inconclusive result as it is the same colour in which the test kit changes, the samples reacted after 5 mins of the addition of Kastle-Meyers reagent False positive Negative/positive reaction on denim material Added directly to swab Horse Radish root Bleach(Sodium Hypochlorite) + Red onion Potato Tomato sauce + Red Onion Lemon + Tomato * Red radish Leucomalachite green was also tested for its sensitivity of blood This was then tested on pure blood with the addition of hydrogen peroxide. This was to check if the solution made up gives a blue-green colour change. Table 3 shown below shows a serial dilution for Leucomalachite green, the serial dilution was performed in the same way as in the Kastle-Meyers test and the colour change and intensity of the change was recorded Table 3 a table to show the dilution factor of Leucomalachite green after the addition of hydrogen peroxide Dilution factor Repeat 1 Repeat 2 Repeat3 X10 Strong Turquoise Strong Turquoise Strong Turquoise X100 Blue green Light Blue-green Blue-green X1,000 Light Blue-green Faint Blue-green Light Blue-green X10,000 No reaction No reaction No reaction X100,000 No reaction No reaction No reaction Table 4 shows the false positives on the denim material and direct application to the swab, the first repeat the same method applied as that in Leucomalachite green Table 4 false positives using denim material and direct application to the swab, this shows the first attempt using Leucomalachite green False positive Negative/positive reaction on denim material Added directly to swab Horse Radish root + Bleach(Sodium Hypochlorite) + Red onion Potato Tomato sauce Red Onion Lemon Tomato Red radish A fresh set of Known false positives were then used, this was tested with both Kastle Meyers and Leucomalachite green respectively, this is shown in table 5 and 6, each one was tested three times and the reaction and the intensity of the reaction are shown. This time instant colour changes were recorded, using a new Kastle- Meyers test Kit, this was done under a fume hood. This time a diluted bleach sample was used to see if it affected the results of bleach. Table 5 False positives tested using Kastle -Meyers where + means a positive reaction and is a negative reaction, instantaneous results False positive Repeat 1 Repeat 2 Repeat 3 Horseradish + strong pink + pink + strong pink Tomato Tomato Ketchup Bleach + Strong Pink +strong Pink + Strong Pink Diluted bleach + weak pink + pink + weak pink Table 6 false positives tested using Leucomalachite green where + indicates a positive reaction and indicates a negative reaction instantaneous False positive Repeat 1 Repeat 2 Repeat 3 Horseradish + light green + light green + dark green Tomato Tomato Ketchup Bleach + Strong blue/green +strong green + Strong green Diluted bleach + strong green + strong green + strong green Table 7 shows the neutralisation of the false positives identified in table 5 and 6 using ascorbic acid and thiosulphate Table 7 neutralising agents of the false positives for both Kastle-Meyers and Leucomalachite green. where + indicates a positive reaction (colour change) and indicates a negative reaction (no colour change) False positive Kastle- Meyers Leucomalachite green Sodium thiosulphate Ascorbic acid Sodium thiosulphate Ascorbic acid Horse radish + + Bleach + + + Diluted bleach Discussion       The test was repeated three times to see if the results were the same each time. Kastle -Meyers has a level of sensitivity up to 1 in 100,000. This was found to be the level of sensitivity by other authors. Blood was diluted with water; this was not only to test the level of sensitivity but blood is likely to be cleaned up with water of some kind. Leucomalachite green is not as widely used as Kastle-Meyers, as it has a lower level of sensitivity This was diluted in blood to check its level of sensitivity it got a reaction up to 1 in 1,000 rather than 1 in 10,000 as suggested by other literature reports. Denim material had ketchup, tomato, horseradish and blood added to it, however, it did not yield any results as the false positives did not change colour with the addition to lecuomalachite green. Bleach was tested with lecuomalchite green, this gave an instant colour change, bleach was then diluted in water to see if watered down bleach gave the same effect and this also gave a positive reaction. Sodium thiosulphate neutralised the effect of bleach as the reaction was barely visible using the Leucomalachite green, however, the ascorbic acid worked but not as well as the thiosulphate. This is because it was hard to tell whether the entire swab had been neutralised as it appeared a very faint green colour around the sides, compared to other swabs which appeared unaffected by the neutralising agent chosen. It was only tested on the bleach and horse radish because they were the only substances which had given a false positive reaction, None of the substances on denim gave a false positive, this leads to further research into indigo dye as a neutraliser.